Sixteen Stormy Days

The Story of the First Amendment to the Constitution of India

Sixteen Stormy Days narrates the riveting story of the First Amendment to the Constitution of India – one of the pivotal events in Indian political and constitutional history, and its first great battle of ideas. Passed in June 1951 in the face of tremendous opposition within and outside Parliament, the subject of some of independent India’s fiercest parliamentary debates, the First Amendment drastically curbed freedom of speech; enabled caste-based reservation by restricting freedom against discrimination; circumscribed the right to property and validated abolition of the zamindari system; and fashioned a special schedule of unconstitutional laws immune to judicial challenge.

Enacted months before India’s inaugural election, the amendment represents the most profound changes that the Constitution has ever seen. Faced with an expansively liberal Constitution that stood in the way of nearly every major socio-economic plan in the Congress party’s manifesto, a judiciary vigorously upholding civil liberties, and a press fiercely resisting his attempt to control public discourse, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru reasserted executive supremacy, creating the constitutional architecture for repression and coercion.

What extraordinary set of events led the prime minister-who had championed the Constitution when it was passed in 1950 after three years of deliberation-to radically amend it after a mere sixteen days of debate in 1951?

Drawing on parliamentary debates, press reports, judicial pronouncements, official correspondence and existing scholarship, Sixteen Stormy Days challenges conventional wisdom on iconic figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru, B.R. Ambedkar, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel and Shyama Prasad Mookerji, and lays bare the vast gulf between the liberal promise of India’s Constitution and the authoritarian impulses of her first government. 

 

The gulf between the idyllic portrayals of the early years of Independence and the awkward realities of politics has been lucidly documented by Tripurdaman Singh in this book. This isn’t revisionist history but a clear snapshot of the first tensions between constitutional values and political priorities. Nehru emerges not as a villain but as a hard-nosed politician. A must-read ― Swapan Dasgupta

Over the years, amending independent India’s Constitution (of Jan 1950), with its glamorous chapter on fundamental rights, has become a favourite pastime for all national governments. Written in eloquent prose, this book tells us, for the rst time, the detailed story of when, why and how it all started-with the Constitution (First Amendment) Act of June 1951- and also about the distinguished men and women of the time who resisted its passage, through India’s provisional parliament, strictly on principle. is well-researched treatise is a must-read-since it will change quite fundamentally gloried and exaggerated notions of India’s constitutional history. Reading through its pages will also help us better understand some of the advantages (as well as some of the perils) of super-majoritarian governments at the Centre ― Fali S. Nariman

This book is dynamite. It will shock those who take a rosy view of the Constitution and the freedoms it grants to Indian citizens. e author shows with impressive historical scholarship that the original 1949 Constitution was subverted fteen months after its adoption by none other than the rest prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. e First Amendment, passed by the same body that had formulated the Constitution, abridged the fundamental rights by qualifying them in favour of the State. is story, so far untold, should lead to a serious re-examination of the history and contents of the Constitution. It should inspire a movement for going back to the original Constitution, purging it of later distortions ― Meghnad Desai

Publisher: Penguin Random House India (Vintage Books)
Hardback, 288pp
ISBN: 9780670092871

‘Very readable and exhaustively researched’ – Open

‘A page-turner… essential for understanding the roots of illiberalism in India’ – Soutik Biswas, BBC

‘History written as thriller… exceptional’ – Sandipan Deb, Mint Lounge

‘Brilliant’ – The Financial Express

‘A compelling read’ – Firstpost

‘An outstanding book… makes for both easy reading and comprehensive understanding’ – India Foundation Journal

‘Tripurdaman Singh can certainly tell a story… The story is engrossing. The chapters capture attention.’ – The Book Review India

‘Draws attention to the enormous impact of [the first amendment] on the fundamental rights of the citizen.’ – The Indian Express

‘A scintillating examination of the First Amendment… Brings the legacies of Nehru and Modi uncomfortably close…’ – The Telegraph India

‘An absorbing history’  Kapil Komireddi, The Spectator World

‘Provides a blow-by-blow account of the developments leading up to the enactment of the first amendment.’ – The Wire

‘A meticulously researched and zestfully told narrative of the First Amendment.’ Governance Now

‘Expertly researched, concise and readable.’ – The Tribune

‘Brings out the furore that the amendment gave rise to…’ – The Week

‘Captures the angst, anger, emotion and high tensions of those last two-and-a-half weeks when Parliament discussed the amendments amidst high drama.’ – Swarajya

‘Extremely well researched, beautifully written and qualitatively brilliant’ – Comparative Constitutional Law and Administrative Law Quarterly

‘Excellently portrays the early years of independent India’  Gulf News

’Turning the pages of Singh’s book is like sitting through an intense theatrical drama on the historical trajectory of India’s Constitution’ – Ritika Gaur, South Asia Research

Karan Thapar reviews Sixteen Stormy Days for Deccan Chronicle

Review in Caravan

Review in Live Law

Review in The Sunday Guardian

Review in Business Standard

‘The weakening of a liberal democracy’ TimesNow.com

Modi Is Repeating Nehru’s Mistake By Supporting Sedition Law: Historian Tripurdaman Singh Huffington Post

An interview with Tripurdaman Singh Talking Humanities, SAS

‘The Indian Republic was just 14 months old. Its rulers wanted to remove individual liberties. Why?’ Scroll.in

‘Sardar Patel’s one comment proved all was not well between Nehru and Constitution in 1950’ The Print

‘The uneasy birth of India’s Constitution’ Mint Lounge

‘How the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution Circumscribed Our Freedoms & How it was Passed’ Indian History Collective